Replacing “Beam Break” Photointerrupters on the FED3

A common failure mode for the Kravitz Lab FED3 is a broken/burned out “beam break” or photointerrupter module. The can happen either because the lenses are marred via scratching or chewing, or the module itself has outlived its stated “50% degradation over 5years” (see the SHARP GP1A57HRJ00F Datasheet or purchase them on DigiKey). Testing the […]

Achieving Super Low Deep Sleep Current with Adafruit Feather ESP32-S3 with I2C Enabled

The Adafruit Feather ESP32-S3 is a little powerhouse of a module. It has a neopixel, LiPo charger and monitor, your ESP32 reset and boot buttons, and a nice little isolated I2C power line with a Stemma QT connector. I recently implemented a deep sleep program with the ULP co-processor (see also, Using the ESP32-S3 ULP […]

How to Measure Electrode Impedance on the Bench

Impedance is the opposition to electrical current in a circuit, and in brain electrodes, it matters because high impedance can reduce signal quality, leading to poor detection of neural activity or inefficient stimulation delivery.

An Unofficial FED Cleaning Protocol

FED failures can be traced to IR sensor and circuit board issues, which can be remediated with an isopropyl wash.

Helical electrodes for electrophysiology in wild animals

helical nichrome wound around music wire and sealed with glue and held with grips

In applications where electrodes are being routed or weaved—especially if the animal will undergo full recovery and resume normal behavior (like in a wild or free-ranging animal)—lead flexibility is going to be critical to the endurance and quality of the electrophysiological recordings.